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考研英语外刊双语阅读:睡眠有助于回忆 Sleep makes the memory

Napping while reliving memories stabilizes people’s ability to recall them later

“You must remember this,” Sam the piano player crooned to Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman in Casablanca. The couple might have recalled even more about their days in Paris if they’d been napping when Sam played the tune again.

Replaying memories while people are awake leaves their memories subject to tinkering. But reactivating memories during sleep protects them from interference, researchers in Germany and Switzerland report online January 23 in Nature Neuroscience.

The finding shows that the brain handles memories differently during sleep than while awake, says Sara Mednick, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of California, San Diego who was not involved in the research. Armed with this new knowledge, she says, therapists may be able to destabilize traumatic memories and overwrite the bad memories with good ones, then solidify the new memory with a nap.

In the new study, volunteers played a Concentration-type game in which they had to remember the locations of pairs of cards. Meanwhile, a mask wafted a slightly unpleasant odor into the volunteers’ nostrils. Once the volunteers had mastered the game, some stayed awake while others took about a 40-minute nap. Researchers reactivated the memory in some volunteers by releasing the odor again. After the nappers woke up, the volunteers played a slightly different version of the card game and were tested to see how well they recalled the locations of the original cards.

Both sleeping and awake volunteers who didn’t have their memories jogged by the odor remembered about 60 percent of the pairs. When researchers triggered memory reactivation while volunteers were awake, recall of the correct locations dropped to about 41 percent. The researchers had expected that result. Previous studies have shown that replaying a memory while awake makes it vulnerable to interference from new material, such as from the second card game.

But the real surprise came when the team replayed memories in the sleeping volunteers and checked how that affected their waking performance. “With odor reactivation, they were almost perfect,” says coauthor Susanne Diekelmann, a psychologist and neuroscientist at the University of Lübeck in Germany. Volunteers correctly picked out about 84 percent of the original card pairs when the memory replayed during a nap that consisted mostly of deep slow-wave sleep (volunteers were woken up before they entered rapid eye movement, or REM, sleep).   

Brain scans also revealed that different areas of the brain were involved during memory replay depending on whether the volunteers were awake or asleep. While awake, replaying the memory triggered activity mostly in the right lateral prefrontal cortex, a part of the brain involved in memory recall. But during sleep, memory replay was associated with strong activity in the hippocampus and parts of the cortex. The hippocampus is involved in memory formation, and memories are transferred from short-term memory in the hippocampus to long-term memory in the cortex. Reactivating memories during sleep may speed the transfer, Diekelmann says.

The researchers are now testing whether replaying memories during REM will also stabilize them. Brain activity during that sleep state is similar to that while awake, so the researchers suspect memories may become unstable during REM to allow for editing and reorganization.

美国科学新闻网站1月24日报道】题:睡眠有助于回忆(记者蒂纳·赫斯曼·泽伊)

    德国和瑞士的研究人员昨天在《自然杂志神经学专刊》网站上发表报告称,人们在清醒时的回忆往往是模糊的,而在睡眠中的回忆因为不受干扰而更为清晰。

    加州大学认知神经科学家莎拉·梅德尼克说,这项研究表明,大脑在清醒和睡眠时处理记忆的方式是不同的。她说,有了这项新发现,治疗师也许可以破坏创伤记忆,用好的记忆取代坏的记忆,然后让患者睡一觉来加强新的记忆。

    在实验中,志愿者要玩一种注意力游戏,也就是要记住两张扑克牌的位置。与此同时,一个面罩会将一种不太好闻的气味吹进他们的鼻孔。一旦志愿者熟悉了这个游戏,第一组人要保持清醒,第二组人要睡上大约40分钟。然后,研究人员再次对第一组的一些志愿者释放这种气味以重新唤起记忆。第二组志愿者清醒后,两组志愿者要玩一种稍有不同的扑克牌游戏,研究人员会测试他们对扑克牌最初位置的记忆如何。

    实验结果是,没有受到二次气味干扰的志愿者对扑克牌位置的记忆准确率约为60%。当研究人员重新唤起清醒的志愿者的记忆时,这个数字降至约41%。实验结果符合研究人员的预期。此前的研究表明,人们在清醒时的回忆容易受到新事物的干扰,如第二次扑克牌游戏。

    但真正令研究人员惊讶的是第二组志愿者的测试结果。第二组志愿者清醒后对扑克牌位置的记忆准确率约为84%。

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