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考研英语阅读理解50天速成胜经
一、考研英语阅读的复习方法
考研英语的阅读理解难吗?难!!!真的难吗?其实也不难!!!有人会说难者不会,会者不难。我想说考研阅读理解难不难重要吗?如果试卷简单,你认为你就能考上了吗?简单是对全国考生都简单,不是只对你一个人而言的。所以试题的难度并不影响我们最终能否实现我们的愿望。
那么什么才能影响我们考研的最后的结果呢?很显然,这个问题问的很弱智。答案当然是考试的成绩。对于很多考生而言,他们认为自己的英语水平是恒定的,至少不会在一年的复习里是没有什么实质性的变化的。因为他们坚信英语是语言的一种,就和中文一样,需要时间的磨练,否则永远不能考到高分的。其实,事情并非是这样的。一个没有过4级的人考研,考研英语同样可以考70;一个GRE考2400的人,同样可能在考研中英语考40。考研英语的考试的成绩和你的实际英语能力有关系,但是不是永远成正比的关系。如果你把历年的真题拿出来研究一下,特别是2005年的真题,就会发现,即使你把阅读的文章和题目全部翻译成中文,你依据有一半以上的题目不知道选什么。
于是,我们开始困惑了。以前我们题目做不正确总是把问题归咎于自己没有背单词从而读不懂文章,现在看来问题不仅仅是如此的肤浅了。我们开始思考问题的根源……
终于,我们发现原来读懂文章只是能够做正确题目的前提条件而已,对于能否做对题目而言不是核心的问题。原来要想做正确考研的阅读题目还需要具备专门针对于考研阅读的解题技能。那么技能又从何而来呢?有没有一种解题技能可以用在高考、4级、6级和考研呢?事实证明每一个阶段的解题技能都不是通用的。我们再次困惑了,不是考英语吗?不是读懂文章就可以了吗?怎么读懂了还是做不对呢?为什么同样是阅读,在考研里的解题方法和其他考试的解题方法就不一样了呢?更令人不能理解的是,为什么把我们的考研英语阅读拿给很多英国、美国人做,他们也有很多做错或不会的呢?是我们试卷的问题还是外国人弱智呢?
其实,外国人不弱智,我们的试卷也没有问题。有问题的是试卷背后隐藏的考研英语命题的本质。原来不同的人就必然会有不同的逻辑思维,不同的逻辑思维就必然导致不同的出题思路,不同的出题思路也就必然会带来不同的解题方法。举个例子,请问这个世界上什么武功是天下第一?也许有人说是如来神掌,也许有人说是降龙十八掌,也许还有人说是打狗棒法,也许更有人说是九阴真经或者是蛤蟆功什么的。晕,到底是哪个更加利害呢?我不知道,你知道吗?相信没有人知道。因为每一种武功本身都有与自己相刻的武功的存在,因为第一创造这种武功的人是用他自己大脑去组织和编排这种功夫的,而组织和编排的背后是这个创始人的思维逻辑,你相信这个创始人的逻辑是完美而没有漏洞的吗?如果你相信,那么这个创始人应该是孔子的爸爸,因为只有这样他才能比"圣人"还圣人。实际上他不可能是孔子的爸爸,所以他也不可能是圣人,当然他更不可能具备一个完美的没有任何漏洞的逻辑。既然如此,那么针对此人的逻辑漏洞自然也就有可以克服他的武功的方法,于是我们在武侠的世界里总是有某种武功可以克制另外一种武功的先例,不管这个武功是多么的利害,它一定有漏洞。要想打败蛇拳就必须学会鹤拳。任何逻辑没有最完美,只有更完美。高考、4级、6级和考研不是同样的人在命题,自然他们的逻辑思维是不一样的,那么他们的命题思路也是不一样的,既然命题思路不一样自然也就不能用同样的方法去解决他们问题了。因此,我们要想在考研英语阅读中考到高分就必须分析命题者的思维漏洞,从而找到各种题型的解题思路。
那么怎样来研究呢?有两个方法:一是把命题者抓来关在一个混暗的房间里研究他们行为和语言,通过这样的研究找出他们的逻辑漏洞;二是研究命题者曾经做过的同种性质的行为。很显然第一个方案我们暂时必须搁浅,是不可能的。那么命题者曾经做过的同种性质的行为又是什么呢?真题!!!真题是他们思维的最典型的反映。通过研究真题剖析他们的大脑,找到我们想要的各种题型的解题方法。
有人可能会问,这样研究有用吗?因为每年的命题者可能不是同样的人啊。其实,每年的命题者是相对稳定的,当然每年更换部分人员是有可能的,但是绝对不可能把整个命题组给换了的。如果真的把整个命题组换了,那也只有一种情况才有可能发生,那就是全部命题者发生意外死亡了。事实是这个也不可能。除非发生非典,他们同时感染了,事实是他们并没有在非典中同时感染。所以即使更换部分成员,那个没有被换的命题者依旧是这个命题组中资格最老的学者,因此他的话语还一定是最有分量的,命题思路因此又得到了延续。根据我们对历年真题的研究如果我们发现用同样一种方法我们可以做对所有的事实细节题,那就说明出题思路有传承性。因此我们的研究方法是正确的。
那么有没有可能命题者知道我们在研究他们的行为而改变命题思路呢?有可能,完全有可能。但是现在的命题思路已经是最为"特别"的了(也就是读懂文章依旧不会做题),如果再改就只能改回我们看懂文章就能做对题目的时代。事实是不可能这样的。因为那样的话,考试就太简单了。我们发现历年真题生词为数极少,语法结构貌似复杂,其实就是6大主要语法在那里进行无数次的组合。因此,即使命题者改变命题思路,那也只能变的简单,只要我们掌握单词和语法就可以了。这样和考高考、4级以及6级无异。对于我们来说是件好事。那样高分就太多了,那样我们还怎样去选择所谓的"人才和栋梁"?不符合中国学者的逻辑。
因此,对我们这些准备考研的人而言,英语上最主要的应该做两件事情:一是读懂文章,这个需要有单词和语法为基础;二是分析命题者命题思路,从而掌握正确的解题思路。
二、考研英语单词
单词的来源:考研单词被什么地方的呢?有很多种回答,有人说背考试大纲,有人说背考研词汇手册,还有人说背老师发的讲义。其实这些全不对。应该背历年真题阅读理解文章里的你自己不认识的单词。如果你自己做个统计就知道了,2005年的所有单词(专业词汇除外)在过去的10年的真题的阅读理解里绝大部分都考过了。而且重复的频率极高,并且总是考同样的意思。
单词的记忆方法:建议化整为零。最糟糕的方法就是一天背一百或几百个单词,因为这样太浪费时间而且效果不是很明显,遗忘率极高。你可以一天背20个单词,而且不是集中时间记忆,是把20个单词分散在一天的不同的3个时间段来记忆。早晨起床6个,午饭后6个,晚上睡觉前8个。这样就不占用复习其他功课的时间了。第2天的时候要依此往复,其实考研英语里的词汇绝大多数是高中词汇,只有不到800个4、6级词汇,因此你很快就可以很轻松的背完的。但是在这个记忆的过程中你必须注意及时的复习,即在背第2天单词前一定要复习第一天的单词,背第3天的单词前一定要复习第1天和第2天的单词,如此往复,到第30天时你就把第1天的单词背了1次,复习了29次,你是不会遗忘的。这样的记忆单词的方法不会影响你日常的工作学习,而且还记忆持久。
三、考研英语词组
词组来源:一是真题阅读理解里考过的词组;二是每年考试大纲解析里完型填空解析部分的归纳好了的词组。
记忆方法:同上。建议每天记忆以8到10个词组为佳。
四、阅读文章难句的方法:剥洋葱式句子结构分析法
在考研英语里长难句是我们读懂文章和翻译的核心障碍,要想读懂这样的长难句就不能按照普通的阅读方法从句子的第一单词开始来读,应该找到一个真确的被无数英、美国家的外国人潜意识里使用的读句子的方法来读。具体分为如下4步:
第一步、确定句子有几个洋葱(一个完整的句子为一个洋葱,有时一个句号却有好几个完整的句子)。确定的方法有
1、看句子里有没有and,如果有看这个并列句是什么并列句,如果是句子并列就说明有2个或多个洋葱每个洋葱应该独立剥皮;
2、看句子里有没有but,yet,如果有就说明他们的前后是独立的,有2个或多个洋葱每个洋葱应该独立剥皮,但是也有特殊情况如But I am a man.这个句子虽然有but,但是还是一个洋葱;
3、看句子里有没有特殊的标点符号,包括分号、冒号和破折号,如果有就说明他们前后的句子独立各自成为洋葱。
第二步、给句子剥皮。每构成一个独立的语法就构成一成皮。
第三步、把每层皮翻译成中文
第四步、把很多简单的中文句子组合成中文长句
注意:考研的翻译句子一般是可以分为四层的长句,一层0.5分。
例如She, who is her mother's daughter, is a girl of beauty which is envied by Lily whose ugliness is so famous in New York where there are so many poors who have a lot of children forbidden to go to school in which they can study how to live in the tedious world, which we all know.
解析:这个句子看起来很简单,其实很多学生却心中有千言万语不知道从何说起。按照剥洋葱句子结构分析的方式,如下:
第一步,因为这个句子没有and\but\yet,也没有特殊的标点符号。所以这个句子只有一个洋葱;
第二步,句子按照语法剥皮,分为如下①she is a girl②of beauty③which is envied by Lily ④whose ugliness is so famous in New York ⑤where there are so many poors ⑥who have a lot of children⑦forbidden to go to school ⑧in which they can study⑨how to live in the tedious world ⑩which we all know⑾who is her mother's daughter(插入语总是放到最后解决,翻译的时候可以用括号放在它前面的内容后)
第三步,把每个皮分别翻译为中文.(略)
第四步,把这些简单的中文组合成长句,这个时候就变成简单的中文文字游戏了
五、情感态度题
情感态度题概述:情感态度题分为两种,即全文情感态度题和局部情感态度题。全文情感态度题,是指作者对于全文论点谈论对象的情感态度;局部情感态度题,是指作者对于文章的非论点谈论对象的情感态度或者是指除作者以外的其他人对于论点谈论对象或非论点谈论对象的情感态度。
例如,假设一篇文章的论点是猪是所有动物中游泳最快的动物,并且为了证明这个论点,文章中的论据部分讲到了Smith先生说,"狗这个动物游泳也很快"。那么题目问我们作者对于猪是什么情感态度的题目就是全文情感态度题,因为它是作者对于全文论点谈论对象的情感态度;而如果问的是作者对于狗的情感态度或Smith对于狗或猪的情感态度的什么的题目就是局部情感态度题,因为它们是作者对于文章的非论点谈论对象的情感态度或者是指除作者以外的其他人对于论点谈论对象或非论点谈论对象的情感态度。
考研的文章全部是来源于英美国家国内杂志上发表过的议论文,那么根据议论的特点议论的论点必须鲜明。如果一个论点不鲜明的文章投稿的话,报社自然是不会采用的,因为那是一篇很糟糕的议论文。而如果这个议论文谈论的话题是男女平等的问题的话,那么作者的情感态度必然是支持男女平等的。在美国国内是不会有人写支持男女不平等的文章的,更没有哪个报社敢刊登这样的"大逆不道"的文章的。所以因为我们考察的文章是议论文,这样就在某种程度上决定了我们在做情感态度题目的时候必须按照议论文的特征来解答。议论文的特征也正是情感态度题的命题的逻辑的缺陷,成为我们解题的关键。下面详细的讲解情感态度题的解题方法:
全文情感态度题
(1)情感态度题选项核心词汇
(一)必然不会成为正确答案的中性词:
①indifferent,漠不关心的意思,这个词永远不能成为正确答案,因为如果作者对于论点谈论的话题不关心的话怎么可能去写一篇450字左右的文章呢?既然写了就一定是关心 的;相近词汇有:disinterested, impassive;
②suspicion,怀疑的意思,它的形容词是suspicious,议论文的论点必须是鲜明的,作者已经把文章写完了又怎么可能会依旧怀疑自己的论点呢?如果怀疑又怎么有自信把自己的文章邮寄到报社发表呢?报社又怎么可能发表呢?既然报社不可能发表那我们的命题者又是怎么找到文章的呢?所以这个词永远不会成为正确答案的;相近词汇有:questioned, questionable, puzzled, puzzling, gloomy;
③neutral,中立的意思,议论文的论点必须有倾向性,必须鲜明,因此不选。
(二)必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词
①sensitive,敏感的意思,这个词汇是万能选项,因为任何议论文作者必然是对论点谈论的对象是敏感的,否则就不会写这样的议论文了。因此这个选项是适合任何议论文的作者的全文情感态度的,只有在确定排除其他选项的情况下,才可以成为正确答案,一般是直接排除。因为万能选项不能考察考生的阅读理解文章的能力,如果可以成为正确答案的话,大家看见就选那这个题目出的还有什么意思?没有任何难度。它的相近词汇有:concerned;
②biased,有偏见的意思,如果这个词是正确答案的话,也就是说命题者任何作者的观点是有偏见,即命题者是完全否认作者的这个文章的,而如果命题者已经完全否定了这个文章又怎么可能再把在他眼睛里的"垃圾"拿来考你呢?因此不选。相近词汇有:prejudice;
③scared,害怕的意思,如果作者对于他自己谈论的话题很害怕他怎么会邮寄到报社去发表呢?不邮寄到报社,报社又怎么发表呢?因此也不可能成为正确的答案的。相近词汇有:afraid, fear;
(三)可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词
①objective,客观的意思,有人要问具有褒义色彩的中性词和中性词有什么区别?它们的区别就是中性词没有任何的倾向性,而具有褒义色彩的中性词本身虽然是中性词,但是它们确实有褒义倾向的。因此可以成为正确的答案。
②impartial,公正的、没有偏袒的意思,解释同上。
③surprised,惊讶的意思,相近词汇有:amazed;
(四)可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词
①critical,批评的意思,作者在写议论文的时候完全批评一个事物;
②approve,同意的意思,它的反意词是:disapprove;
③positive,积极的意思,它的反意词是: passive =negative;
④optimistic,乐观的意思,它的反意词是:pessimistic;
在考试中是不是说只有以上归纳的词汇成为全文情感态度题的选项呢?答案当然是否定的。考试中不可能只有以上的词汇成为选项的。以上的选项只是从历年真题中提炼出来的归纳和总结,具有代表意义。希望大家在以后的解题过程中把每个不在以上范围内的词汇根据以上的解析归纳到以上的范围内,这样有助于我们解题。
(2)情感态度题解题步骤
(一)看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词;
(二)看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;
(三)看选项,排除选项中的相近选项;例如一个题目中的选项如下:A. identical(一致的); B. similar(相似的); C. complementary(相互补充的); D.opposite(相反的);因此这个题目选择D;
(四)看选项,保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;
(五)看题干,判断情感态度指向的对象;
(六)判断该对象的性质;
①如果该对象与伦理道德观念相吻合,那么应该选择含有可以成为正确答案的褒义词的选项;比如尊师重道;
②如果该对象与伦理道德观念不相吻合,那么应该选择含有可以成为正确答案的贬义词的选项;比如作奸犯科;
③如果该对象与伦理道德观念没有关系,那么应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词;比如经济的增长或衰弱;
④如果该对象与伦理道德的的关系还没有形成定论,那么应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词;比如安乐死,我们的道德观念不认为一个人支持安乐死就说他是邪恶的,也不会认为一个人反对安乐死就说他是残忍的,我们的道德观念而是允许发表任何言论。
注1:如果判断一个题目应该选择褒义词,但是选项中没有褒义词的时候应该选择具有褒义色彩的中性词;反之亦然;
注2:可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词成为正确答案的机率最大,其次是可以成为正确答案的褒义词,最后是可以成为正确答案的贬义词。
(3)情感态度题真题演示
例1. The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of_____.(1997)
(A)opposition (B)suspicion (C)approval (D)indifference
【解析】我们在做全文情感态度题时要严格的按照以上的解题方法和步骤去解题,不能跳跃,换而言之,我们必须能够合上笔记本说出上面的所有内容才能确保我们在做这样的题目时万无一失。
第一步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词;据此排除了B和D;
第二步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;没有发现这样的词汇;
第三步:看选项,排除选项中的相近选项;也没有相近的选项;
第四步:看选项,保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;因此保留A和C;
第五步:看题干,判断情感态度指向的对象;即euthanasia(安乐死)。
第六步:判断该对象的性质;很显然安乐死是属于与伦理道德的关系还没有形成定论的,所以应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词。但是本题中没有可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词,因此根据注1应该选择褒义词,所以这个题目选C。
例2. The passage shows that the author is____the present situation.(1997)
(A) critical of (B) puzzled by (C) disappointed at(D) amazed at
第一步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词;据此排除了B;
第二步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;没有发现这样的词汇;
第三步:看选项,排除选项中的相近选项;应该排除A和C,因为A是批评的意思,C是失望的意思;因为批评了怎么可能会不失望呢?失望了又怎么能不批评呢?所以它们是相近选项排除;
第四步:看选项,保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;因此保留D;
第五步:看题干,判断情感态度指向的对象;即present situation根据文章知道present situation是指经济相关的话题;
第六步:判断该对象的性质;很显然经济相关的话题是属于与伦理道德没有关系的,所以应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词。因此所以这个题目选D。
例3. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. antiscience" is____.(1998)
(A) impartial(B) subjective (C) biased(D) puzzling
第一步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词;据此排除了D;
第二步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;据此排除了C;
第三步:看选项,排除选项中的相近选项;本题没有相近选项;
第四步:看选项,保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;因此保留A和B;
第五步:看题干,判断情感态度指向的对象;即"science vs. antiscience",是指科学与反科学做斗争的话题;
第六步:判断该对象的性质;很显然该对象与伦理道德观念相吻合,那么应该选择含有可以成为正确答案的褒义词的选项;但是根选项中没有褒义词,根据注1这个题目应该选A;
例4. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be____.(1999)
(A)biased (B)indifferent (C)puzzling (D)objective
第一步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词;据此排除了B和C;
第二步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;据此排除了A;
第三步:看选项,排除选项中的相近选项;本题没有相近选项;
第四步:看选项,保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;因此保留D;
第五步:看题干,判断情感态度指向的对象;即issue,根据文章知道是指法庭对于消费者受到商品伤害后的处理案件的态度的发展史的话题;
第六步:判断该对象的性质;很显然该对象与伦理道德的的关系还没有形成定论,那么应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词,所以选择D;
例5. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be said to be____.(2001)
(A)optimistic (B)objective (C)pessimistic (D)biased
第一步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词;本题中没有该选项;
第二步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;因此排除D;
第三步:看选项,排除选项中的相近选项;本题中没有这样的选项;
第四步:看选项,保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;因此保留A、B和C;
第五步:看题干,判断情感态度指向的对象;即new business wave根据文章知道new business wave是指经济相关的话题;
第六步:判断该对象的性质;很显然经济相关的话题是属于与伦理道德没有关系的,所以应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词。因此所以这个题目选B。
例6. From the text we can see that the writer seems____.(2002)
(A) optimistic (B) sensitive. (C) gloomy (D) scared.
第一步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词;本题中没有该选项;
第二步:看选项,排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词;因此排除B、C和D;所以这个题目应该选择A
本章总结:以上的例题把从1994年到2005年的有关全文情感态度题全部列举了出来,如果一种解题的方法可以使用每一年的真题,那么我们有什么理由不相信它依旧使用2006呢?在大家做各个辅导老师出的模拟题的时候必然会发现我们这里讲的方法是不能通用在模拟题中的,这个不是说我们的方法不灵了,而是那个出模拟题的人没有对真题有深入的研究,是模拟题出的质量有问题,因此大家应该批判的去做模拟题。
局部情感态度题
在我国的考研英语阅读理解试卷中局部情感态度题极为罕见。在2003年和2004年连续两年各考了2题,但是此前并没有这样的题型,而且在2005的试卷中也没有考到。这个不能说明这样的题型不重要,相反只能说明局部情感态度题是非常重要的,而且根据往年的得分统计来看,该题型得分非常低。究其原因是什么?我们先来研究这个四个题目,最后再回答这个问题。
一、局部情感态度题与全文情感态度题的区别
两者其实虽然都是情感态度题,但是在本质上他们没有什么共同之处,在全文情感态度题里所有不可能成为正确答案的选项在这里都可以成为正确答案。而且他们的解题方法没有任何共同之处。他们唯一的共同点就是都是情感态度题。
二、局部情感态度题的解题步骤
(一)根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句;
(二)在出题句(或称得分句)中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子;
(三)比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项,选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项;
三、局部情感态度题历年真题解析
例1、In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
52.What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?(2003)
(A)Indifferent. (B)Supportive. (C)Indignant. (D)Apprehensive.
【解析】:第一步:根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句;根据该题的题干,我们可以依据many captive shippers找到本题目的出题句(得分句)为最后一段的第一句话。
第二步:在出题句(或称得分句)中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子;在最后一段的第一句中我们找到了worry这个单词;
第三步:比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项,选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项;发现D不仅有理解的意思,还有忧虑的意思,因此本题选D;
例2、It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950, the U. S. spent $12. 7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.
58.The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of____.(2003)
(A) strong disapproval (B) reserved consent
(C) slight contempt (D) enthusiastic support
【解析】:第一步:根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句;根据该题的题干,我们可以依据Richard Lamm's remark找到本题目的出题句(得分句)为第三段的最后一句话,但是这句话里并没有作者的情感态度,只有Richard Lamm的看法,因此本句不是出题句(得分句),但是可以肯定的是出题句就是该句附近。我们发现在第四段第一句话说I would not go that far.这里的I就是指作者,that是指Richard Lamm的看法,所以本句才是真正的出题句;
第二步:在出题句(或称得分句)中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子;这个句子中没有一个单词是有感情色彩的,但是作为一个整体又是有感情色彩的,意思是作者不会和Richard Lamm走一样远的。不会走一样远并不是说不走,只是说没有走的那么远,所以作者对于Richard Lamm的看法是局部的同意和支持的;
第三步:比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项,选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项;因此本题应该选择B;
例3、When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. "I'm a good economic indicator," she says. "I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars." So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too" she says.
Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, "there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses," says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. "Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.
Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.
52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation? (2004)
(A)Optimistic.(B) Confused.(C)Carefree.(D)Panicked.
【解析】:第一步:根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句;我们发现本题根本就没有对应的出题句。因为文章中没有the public这个短语。在没有一样的词语的时候我们应该寻找一个近意词来替代。结果发现在文章倒数第二段的第一句话中的Consumers即是指大众,因此本句为出题句。
第二步:在出题句(或称得分句)中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子;在最后一段的第一句中我们找到了not in despair这个词组,是没有绝望的意思;
第三步:比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项,选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项;发现A是乐观的意思,是四个选项中意思最为接近的选项;
例4、Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.
"Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Razitch's latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society."
"Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:"We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing."Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.
Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."
58. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are(2004)
(A) identical. (B) similar. (C) complementary. (D) opposite.
【解析】:第一步:根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句;我们发现本题根本就没有对应的出题句。我们发现文章中没有一句话是即包括Ravish有包括Emerson的,但是我们能很轻易的找到Ravish在第二段的第一句话中,Emerson在第五段的第一句话中,因此这个题目的得分句是这个两句。
第二步:在出题句(或称得分句)中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子;我们发现这个两句话的意思正好是相反的;
第三步:比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项,我们只能选择D;另外因为这个题目中A、B、C的意思是相近的,所以同时排除,我们也可以知道这个题目选D。
六、中心思想题
中心思想题的概述:考研英语阅读中是否有中心思想题?传统的阅读理论中是有的,这一点是没有疑问的。但是在考研中准确的说是没有中心思想题的。因为大家应该还记得我们只有在小学的时候老师在讲语文课本时才会问我们一篇文章的中心思想的,但是到了初三以后老师就不再问我们文章的中心思想了,而是改问一篇文章的论点是什么?究其原因,因为从初三起我们学习的全部是议论文,对于议论文而言,我们只说它的论点是什么而不说它的中心思想是什么;小学学习的全是记叙文,只有记叙文才有中心思想。又因为上篇我们已经说过,所有考研的阅读理解的文章都是来源于美国国内发表的议论文,因此我们说在考研英语阅读中实际上是没有什么中心思想题的,只有论点题。但是我们的"大家"们一直认为有中心思想题,所以为了便于大家接受,我们在这里依旧把这样的论点题称为中心思想题。
中心思想题解题方法:我们的民族的历史文学里是没有议论文这样的文体的,或者说议论文是一个在近现代随着西方的炮火进入我们的文明的文学体裁。既然我们写议论文的模式是模仿西方的,那就是说我们在课堂上学到的写议论文的方法是完全和美国人写议论文的方法相吻合的。换句话说,就是,我们的论点写在什么地方那么美国人的论点也是写在那个位置。而我们在写议论文的时候论点有两种写法:一写在第一段第一句;二写在第一段最后一句。而且我们在文章结束的时候会在最后一段开头和结尾句写一些对第一段论点相呼应的句子。所以我们坚信,考研英语阅读的文章的论点必然在文章的第一段的首、末句中产生,而且最后一段首、末句对此论点予以呼应。也就是说,要找一篇文章的论点就看文章的首、末段的首、末句,它们共同指向的内容就是我们的论点。
因此,在考研英语中,要找一篇文章的中心思想就是找这个文章的论点,要找论点就看这个文章的首、末段的首、末句。答案必然在这个4句话中产生。在很多时候我们在读完这个4句话后发现,我们即使把这个4句话翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点,这个时候不是说我们就没有办法找到答案了。事实上,在历年的真题里几乎所有的中心思想题我们都是不知道论点的,但是这个并不影响我们解题的。
这个时候我们应该进入第2个解题的思维:选择最佳答案,而不是正确答案。如果一个选项是文章讲到的内容,但是却不是这个4句话讲到的内容,我们依旧不能选这个选项,因为该选项不是论点,最多是个论据而已。如果一个选项这个4句话没有讲到,而且文章根本就没有在任何段落提到,那么也不选,属于和文章无关的选项,但是在考试中我们发现有很多人选择无关选项,究其原因,是因为其实考研英语阅读是没有正确答案的,只有最佳答案,有的时候4个选项都是正确或错误的,但你必须选择一个最为接近原文意思的选项,而在有3个错误1个无关的时候就有人会选择无关的,其实无关选项是永远不能做正确答案的。如果一个选项和原文的意思相反那么也不选。如果有2个选项和原文4句话的意思相符合,那么还要比较哪个选项的意思最为符合原文4句话的意思,选择最全面概括这个4句话的选项。
主旨大意题是中心思想题中的一种最为典型的题型。解题方法如上文。
例1、The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
54.The passage is mainly about____.(1994)
(A) how American goods are produced
(B) how American consumers buy their goods.
(C) how American economic system works
(D) how American businessmen make their profits
解析:第一步:判断本题目属于中心思想题;因此进入中心思想题的解题方法;
第二步:阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话,使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思(限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了);翻译后我们发现,即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维:找最佳答案;
第三步:A选项是原文讲到的选项,原文第一段最后一句话说that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it,因此A是正确的,但是我们不能立刻就选A,因为我们在找最佳答案,既然是最佳就要有4个选项的比较,完全有可能4个选项都是正确的,但是只能选择一个;B选项是原文第一段最后一句讲到的,the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,因此B也是正确的,符合原文意思的;C选项原文四句话都讲到了,但是美国经济模式的运作的范围很显然大于这个4句话的范围。D选项在原文第一段的最后一句也讲到了desire of businessmen to maximize profits,因此D也是正确符合原文意思的。4个选项都是正确的,但是不同的是A、B和D只是在原文的第一段的最后一句讲到了,很显然C选项概括了4句话的全部内容,因此因该选择C。
例2、One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the "cashless society" is not on the horizon-it's already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
58. What is this passage mainly about? (1994)
(A) Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
(B) conveniences brought about by computers in business.
(C) Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
(D) Advantages of credit cards in business.
解析:第一步:判断本题目属于中心思想题;因此进入中心思想题的解题方法;
第二步:阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话,使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思(限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了);翻译后我们发现,即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维:找最佳答案;
第三步:A的意思是电脑的商业使用的方法,文章在最后一段讲到了电脑的商业使用的问题,因此A是符合原文意思的;B的意思是商业中电脑带来的便利,原文讲到了B选项,明显的证明是bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers,所以B也是正确并符合原文意思的;C的意思是自动化在商业企业中的重要性,文章4句话没有讲到自动化的问题,更没有讲到什么重要性,因此C是和原文无关的选项;D的意思是商业中信用卡的重要性,文章在第一段的第一句话就讲到了信用卡,但是没有讲到信用卡的重要性,因此D也是无关选项;因此这个题目的答案必然在A和B中产生。这个时候我们应该比较A和B有什么不同的地方。我们发现A强调的是"方法Approaches"而B强调的是"便利conveniences ",很显然文章着重讲解的是电脑带来的便利,因此这个题目应该选B;
例3、Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding-the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children-disabled or not-to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
61. This passage mainly deals with____. (1994)
(A) the differences of children in their learning capabilities
(B) the definition of exceptional children in modern society
(C) the special educational programs for exceptional children
(D) the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
解析:第一步:判断本题目属于中心思想题;因此进入中心思想题的解题方法;
第二步:阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话,使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思(限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了);翻译后我们发现,即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维:找最佳答案;
第三步:A的意思是孩子在学习能力上的不同,但是文章的4句话并没有讲到学习能力的问题,因此是无关选项;B的意思是例外的孩子(弱智儿童)在现代社会的定义,文章4句话虽然讲到了exceptional children,但是并没有给它下定义,因此也是无关选项;C的意思是针对exceptional children的特别的项目,文章在最后一段讲到了这个问题;D的意思是调整教育以适应那些exceptional children的必要性,文章也讲到了;因此答案必然在C和D中产生,那就比较它们的不同,发现一个强调项目,一个强调必要性,而文章的4句话是强调必要性的多一点,因此应该选D;
例4、Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
20. The passage is mainly about____. (1998)
(A) the features of volcanic activities
(B) the importance of the theory about drifting plates
(C) the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
(D) the process of the formation of volcanoes
解析:第一步:判断本题目属于中心思想题;因此进入中心思想题的解题方法;
第二步:阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话,使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思(限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了);翻译后我们发现,即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维:找最佳答案;
第三步:A的意思是火山运动的特征,该4句论点句并没有讲到这个问题,因此属于无关选项;B的意思是漂流板块理论的重要性,4句论点句也没有谈到漂流板块的问题,同A;C的意思是 hot spots在地球物理学研究中的重要性,文章讲到了hot spots的重要性,那么讲到地球物理学了吗?其实火山运动不就是地球物理学的一部分吗?因此看一个选项讲到没有,不应该仅仅看有没有一样的单词文章中出现没有,而且还要看相近意思的单词或句子出现没有,因此C是符合原文意思的正确选项,但是不能立刻选择,因为我们找的是最佳答案;D的意思是火山构成的过程,虽然这个4句话讲到了火山,但是没有谈及火山构成过程的问题,属于无关选项;因此这个题目应该选C;

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