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 翻译
   
让翻译为考研助推
很对考生在准备考研英语的过程中前半程重视阅读理解,后半程将重心放在写作上。这样的做法是有道理的,而且在很多时候是卓有成效的。因为有四篇文章的老阅读理解就占了40分之多,而阅读的提高不是一朝一夕的事情,所以需要尽早动手,具体的复习方法言者甚众,我就不多说了。而写作,在05年大纲变化之后又添加了必考的应用文写作部分,其分值仅次于老阅读理解,重要性不言而喻。考生大多对写作比较重视,而且多在寻求万能模板的帮助,因为模板如果背得太早到考试的时候忘了也是一种浪费,所以多在平时积累考前磨刀,效果也确实还不错。这里,笔者毫不怀疑这两大题型的重要性,而且,笔者要做的,是为这两大题型助推,而所要用到的工具,恰恰就是被许多同学视为鸡肋的英译汉。
 
一、翻译与阅读
事实上,准备阅读理解和准备翻译并不矛盾,阅读理解中的长难句往往也是阅读出题的重点之一,做阅读理解不应只满足于把题目答对,还要对文章本身做深度挖掘,把一篇文章吃透,胜过做泛泛地做十篇。注意,这里强调的是对真题的深度挖掘。
例1(1995年考题第3篇59题)
……
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
……
The word “it” (line 3, para. 2)most probably refers to .
[A] the lack of stable communities
[B] the breakdown of informal information channels
[C] the increased mobility of families
[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place
要正确判断it在文中的所指,关键在于分析划线句的结构。该句是个复合句,前半部分“As families move away from their…,their extended family relationships,”是状语从句,主句是后半部分中的“the informal flow of information is cut off”。而后半部分中的“with it the confidence that information…reliable”又与“the informal flow of information is cut off”紧密相关,因为该句表面看上去不完整,that引导的从句只是“confidence”的同位语,那么句中没有谓语。而实际上,该句暗含了一个完整的句子,即:指代词“it”代替前面所说的“the informal flow of information is cut off.”因此,正确答案选B项。从结构上看,and后面主要是状语加名词短语,它与前面的主谓结构表面上是无法并列的,而阅读考题又肯定不存在语法问题,唯一的解释是这是一个省略句。省略句一般省略相同的部分,前面的句子有名词短语作主语,and后面的名词短语也应该是主语,前面句子有谓语,而后面却没有谓语,因此省略的部分肯定是谓语,经过补充,and后面的句子应该是with it the confidence… is cut off. 译文:随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友、大家庭的种种关系,日常的信息交流被切断了。只要是需要就能得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了。
 
比较一下2002年翻译题第65题:
02 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
结构分析:这是一个复合句。Until these issues are resolved是条件状语从句,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected是主谓结构的主句,并列连词and后面首先是介词短语with it,接着是名词短语the only way以及它的修饰语to solve our problems。从结构上看,and后面主要是状语加名词短语,它与前面的主谓结构表面上是无法并列的,而英译汉句子又肯定不存在语法问题,唯一的解释是这是一个省略句。省略句一般省略相同的部分,前面的句子有名词短语作主语,and后面的名词短语也应该是主语,前面句子有谓语,而后面却没有谓语,因此省略的部分肯定是谓语,经过补充,and后面的句子应该是possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected with it。译文:(如果)这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
 
通过比较,不难发现:两个句子在结构上非常相似。虽然就难度而言,05年的那道阅读理解题更难。其中任意一个句子的透彻理解对于另一个句子的处理都有极大的促进作用。
理解的准确性如何体现出来,做对题目是一方面,但是答题是又技巧的,有时题做对了,句子却未必真正理解。这时候需要做的,就是把自己的理解用另外一种语言表达出来。
而琢磨透了,翻译多了,对句子结构把握更好了,无疑可以让考生更好更快的把握句子的中心意思,再加上原有的答题技巧,阅读理解的成绩才可能有大的提高。因为说到底翻译之于考研英语还是个基本功问题。中国足球队请过的外籍教练不可谓不好,但成绩却不甚理想。虽然入围决赛阶段比赛,但三场比赛一球未进,为什么?究其原因,基本功不过硬,再好的战略战术在实战中都会打折扣。其实中国足球队的这种表现恰恰是对很多考生的形象描述:就想走捷径,过分追求技巧,殊不知技巧也是在有一定基本功的基础上才能发挥出更大的效用。所以与其一味在阅读理解文章的量上下功夫,读海量的文章,还不如在保持一定量的同时对文章做深度挖掘。挑战长句,挑战难句。正因为这些句子长难,征服之后才有成就感,才可能为你树立信心。"I see, I come, I conquer"。如果把考研比作是一次远征,那我们就需要长难句来祭旗。
 
二、翻译与写作
需要提醒一下的是,英译汉部分所给出的句子多是命题人欣赏,认为有一定难度,值得一考,值得一学的句子。既然是这样,试想:如果考生能够在作文中写出相似的句子,评卷人会做何感想。
英译汉部分句子的精彩主要体现在两个方面,一是句子结构,二是用词的多样化。以下结合这两方面的内容谈谈英译汉对写作的推动作用,以及如何操作的问题。
 
1.结构上的精彩
比如,表达“谈及…问题,人们仁者见仁,智者见智。”考生首先想到的往往是“When asked about something, different people have different opinions”或者是“When it comes to …, there are no consensus of opinion among people”,总结得很多,用的较滥,效果不甚理想。再来看一下考研翻译实题:
 
99 74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
结构分析:这是一个复合句。There is no agreement是主句,whether …or …引导状语从句,其中refers to…or to…并列作为methodology的谓语,peculiar to historical work和appropriate to the various branches都是形容词短语,分别修饰concepts和research techniques,in general和of historical inquiry则分别是historical work和the various branches的后置定语。
译   文: 所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段,人们对此意见不一。
 
   “There is no agreement whether …or …”,这就是一种可以套用的模式,这时候如果再进一步想一想,还可以想到似乎在以前的试题中还考过类似的东西:
 
94 75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
 
再组合一下,就有了:“政府究竟应该以技术为代价来增加对纯科学的资金投入还是相反,人们对此意见不一”。There is no agreement whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa.
句子结构不错,那就再用一下,“大学毕业生找工作究竟应该选择机遇还是高薪,对此人们仁者见仁,智者见智”。不就有较好的英文表达了吗?There is no agreement whether college graduates should seek higher pays at the expense of opportunities or vice versa.
再强化一下,“究竟应该更多关注加速经济发展还是环境保护,人们对此意见不一。”不就成了:There is no agreement whether we should speed up the development of our country’s economy at the expense of environmental protection or vice versa. 
 
想到几乎每个人都有…, 考生的第一印象应该就是Almost everyone has ….但是看看英译汉中所体现出来的:
99 71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
前半部分不是翻译成“几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的定义”吗。那再来一个句子,“几乎每个大学毕业生都有就业机会”。是不是就可以写成“There are almost as many job opportunities as there are college graduates”。再扩充一下,“几乎每个大学毕业生都有就业机会,虽然如此,很多人还是担心,对他们来说,毕业会意味着失业”。“While there are almost as many job opportunities as there are college graduates, many people are still concerned that for them graduation means unemployment.”
 
2.用词的多样化
99 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
句子分析:句子可以拆分为三段:There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.句子的结构:主干结构是存现句There is no agreement因为主语部分太长,整个结构应该采用顺序倒译方法。whether methodology refers to ...or to ...是主语agreement的同位语。the concepts后面的形容词短语peculiar to historical work in general是它的定语;the research techniques后面的形容词短语appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作定语。整个句子结构平衡,属于英语中所说的well-balanced sentence。
  这里考生在翻译historical work 和historical inquiry 的时候可能在措辞上有一定问题,很多同学做成了史学工作,史学探询。然而更好的做法其实只需要参考上一道题:
99 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
套用复现的概念:一个词在文章当中以原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、指代词等形式反复出现,从而使得篇章连贯。这里的historical work 和historical inquiry其实就是historical study的复现,因此可以直接翻译成为历史研究。
 
同样是表示结果,在一道翻译题中就成了:
96 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
 
同样是表示“联系紧密,直接相关”,到了考研翻译中就成了:
00 72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
 
同样表示“将某物等同于某物”,在紧接着的两个句子中居然可以用三种不同的表达(99年试题):
Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
 
这些句子之所以精彩,有词汇和句式两方面的原因,而这两方面的能力正是多数考生所欠缺的。学会欣赏考研翻译的句子并对其加以模仿,于考生的写作,可以有很大的促进。以上我们讲的句子主要还属于长难句范畴,而事实上,即使是一个相对简单的句子,也有很多东西可以学习总结的,关键看考生在复习准备过程中是否足够细心,思路是否足够开阔。来看一个例子:
94 74) Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
这个句子,就笔者所接触到的有限考生而言,没有什么障碍,多数同学可以较好的把握,因为,首先没有太难的词语,其次,背景知识相当熟悉,第三,句子译为汉语之后几乎不需要再语序上做什么调整。那这个句子翻译完了,让学生感觉一下翻译的成就感就完了吗?不,故事还远没有结束。首先里面有个the first person to do something的结构,第一个做什么的人,那么“他总是第一个到教室,最后一个离开”应该如何表达,“He is always the first person to arrive at the classroom and the last to leave.”可能感觉没太大意思,那再来一个句子,“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”又如何呢?“Be the first person to worry about the world’s troubles and the last to enjoy its comforts”。有用吗,的确有用。再来,新发明的望远镜叫the newly invented telescope,那新发行的专辑呢?叫newly released album. 那成熟的学科呢?well-established discipline.经过深入研究的语言呢?well-studied languages (这不就和04年的翻译考题挂上钩了吗)。 接下来是词语方面的充实,revolve是旋转,它的名词是什么,能想到是revolution很好,想不到的再看一下solve, evolve,这些单词不是有很大的相似性吗?而它们的名词是什么,不是solution, evolution吗?那同样道理,同样的变化过程,不就可以得到revolution了吗?而考生心目中的revolution首选就是革命,要是革命讲不通呢?现在是不是可以考虑“旋转”了呢。下一个环节rather than, “而不是”,是对后面的否定,比较一下rather than, other than, sooner than, better than 有何区别,这不就是01年考研完型的一道考题吗?
Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.
42.[A]better than [B]other than [C]rather than [D]sooner than
既然是这样,我们又什么理由不把它好好记住并且加以操练,让其可以为我所用呢?比如说“终点又是新起点”这篇作文,是不是就可以来一句:“有的人在取得一定成绩之后就宁愿享受生活而不愿继续向前迎接更大的挑战,这样的人最终会被淘汰。”Some people would enjoy the comforts rather than go further ahead and meet new challenges once some achievements have been made. They are the ones who would likely fall behind the times.
 
综上所述,考研英译汉练习是一个积累财富的过程,它不仅可以解决考研翻译本身的问题,而且对于阅读和写作都有很大的促进作用。再加上考研翻译本身所具有的考点固定,分段给分的特点,使得考研翻译的复习具备有很强的可操作性和较高的实战价值。因此,考研翻译不但不应放弃,还应该用来为考研助推,为考研英语插上腾飞的翅膀。
 
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