作者：陈国辉    来源：广州新东方学校

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

21.[A] acting [B] relying   [C] centering [D] cementing

22.[A] before  [B] unless    [C] until     [D] because

23.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D] consultation

24. [A] return   [B]reply    [C] reference       [D] response

25. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else

26.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding

27. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with

28. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject

29. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] chock[D] reflect

30. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount

31. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length

32. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence

33. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced

34. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously

35. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as

36. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage

37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible

38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability

39. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity

40. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing

        首先是细读首句。

        Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.

     完型填空的第一句话必须注意以下部分：主题，表示逻辑关系的词，作者态度。在此句中many表示作者对于这句话内容持负评价，这是因为，研究生考试为了表示自己的独特和性格，对于大多数人的说法一般持负评价，因此，本文的态度结构就是先负，后面很可能会提出作者自己的说法，因此谈到其他人的理论的选项，都优先选负面的选项。

     其次，我们要从第一句话读出主题词。Concerning 指有关，后面是causes ,再往后就一定是主题，也就是juvenile delinquency，即使考生不认识，也可以从括号里知道是一种罪。

    第三，逻辑连词必须重视，这个在下文很可能重复出现，具有明显的预测和指导作用。首段的明显的连词是either和or，还有一个实词，也体现了逻辑关系：cause。因此我们可以预见，下文的主要关系，就是并列和因果关系。

    并列关系：构成并列关系的结构（词组，句子）结构相同，语法成分相同，作者态度和评价相同，对应位置结构也相同。

    因果关系：表示因果关系的不一定都是虚词。

    下面是阅读的基本模式。

 

    填空的阅读模式切忌先通读全文，也不能看一个选一个。理由如下：

 

   通读全文，会非常的浪费时间，而考场上对于时间的把握是最重要的，更重要的是，读完全文再回去从头做起，开头获得的信息已经模糊，最清晰的是最后的信息。而且，从填空的对应选项来说，需要读完全文才可以做对的选项并不多，大多数是一个长句的内容就可以相互印证而得到解决，还有很多的就是开头句的重现。因此读完全文再做题是不对地。

 

    同上，看一个选一个也是不理性的，因为单个的选项不一定可以准确的定位。

 

        因此，我们提倡：精读首句，以长句或组句为单位，文章和选项对照分段阅读。

 

下面我们看看第一个小段，也就是第一段除首句之外的部分。

Theories (21) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing onthe role of society that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.

 

21.[A] acting [B] relying   [C] centering [D] cementing

22.[A] before  [B] unless    [C] until     [D] because

23.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D] consultation

24. [A] return   [B]reply    [C] reference       [D] response

25. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else

 

    首先扫读全段，如图标示，我们会发现，这一段的两句话都是由theories开始的，成并列关系，而21空要填的选项是在on之前，那么第二句话on前面的词是focusing，根据并列关系，我们可以推测，正确选项必然和focusing是同义词，我们选择C。继续读第一句话，先看选项前面和后面的词，前面是criminal behavior，后面是they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others。  那么记住，后半句读不懂不要去分析！penalized或者previous misdeeds读不懂都没有关系，可是你要看得出态度！！哪个是态度的词呢？ Not 和mis-词根都是。那么前面是犯罪，后面是不好的事情，所以，22必然是因果联系，选D。23是一个词组搭配题，和前面的misdeeds是并列关系，因此也是不好的行为。分析选项：A是互相影响，B是趋同，同化（难！）C合作好理解，D是咨询，选A。其实很多考研选项都不会选难词，太难的词正确率普遍不高。24题道理是一样的，选项后面是failure,前面是crime 那么24的搭配也肯定是因果关系，并且要和in搭配，从选项来看，只有D符合这个意思。25是连词，那么选择主要看的是逻辑关系，选项后面是rejection前面是failure,那么无疑，这里的逻辑关系是并列，只有or是选择并列关系，选A。

 

    第二段的解题模式和第一段相似，大家先理解第一段的方法，再进行练习，然后才是讲解。以下是剩下部分的讲解。

 

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism.

 

26.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding

27. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with

28. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject

这一段开头就来了一个most，那么，依照我们所说的态度原则，这些理论的观点就很可能是负的，那么26题，不难发现，A、C是正的，答案显然就是在B、D中，因为主语是理论，那么，用ignore就比较合适，选B。  至于27题，依然是上面所说的因果关系，后面是lack，前面是犯罪，因此，选项中只有C是表示因果关系的，只能选它。28题的解决就还要依靠转折关系,tentative很多同学可能不认识，那么，我们注意到它是在however后面，就知道后面的选项和criticism搭配，也应该是负的。考虑选项，又是典型的2：2 ，即A、B是表示不会被批评，C、D都是会被批评，那么，C是指人比较敏感，本句的主语是理论，那么选D。

 

小结：本段除了上文说到的逻辑关系和作者态度之外，还有一个很重要的思想，就是，对于选项要分类考虑。一般来说，完型填空的选项有三种情况，考察的店也不同：

1：3   就是3个词相似，一个词比较独特，答案一般在3个相似的里面

2：2   就是本段的情况，那么对文章的把握直接决定我们究竟要选什么，如果连基本意思都选错，那就整个有了偏差。

4：0   就是4个词完全没有关系，这种情况不是很多见。主要是词形相似。

 

     下面就是用这些方法，请继续练习，一步步得到深刻的理解，再进行讲解，下面就是讲解:

  Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

29. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] chock[D] reflect

30. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount

31. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length

32. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence

      本段开头的词是change 这个中性词，不带有任何明显的态度，那么，我们选择29空就需要考虑这个因素。29空后面是犯罪，本文主题，下一句是举例，例子的主语依然是change，因此，选项中的B、C有明显的贬义，A、D是中性的。可是，究竟文章的意思是，社会变革反映了少年犯罪，还是社会结构影响了少年犯罪，但从这句话是看不出来的。我们就先放下这个空，往下继续做。30空，选项后面是更少的职业，失业上升，更难得到好的工作，还有一句话开头的词是resulting ，就是导致的意思，那么，29空的意思就是社会变革导致了或者产生了犯罪，选A，同理，30空也是选导出结果的项，也就是B。 31孔前后成并列关系，并且说的是社会现象，显然不会是C，那么A、D之间应该选A，表示普遍意义。最后，这样的因果互生就是选C，意思就是反过来又产生新的犯罪。

 

    从这一段的选择，我们可以看得出做题过程中即使有少数题目不确定，却并不需要读完全文才可以做，而是在本段的内部就可以通过上下关系解决。这就是我们推荐段落对照法的原因。

 

    我们来看最后一段：

 

Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

33. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced

34. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously

35. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as

36. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage

37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible

38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability

39. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity

40. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing

 

    本段的解答和上面完全相同。首先，加粗的词都是标识了态度和逻辑的词，这就是解决题目的法宝。33空的also是与上一段成并列关系，那么这一段的首句也是中性的，选择33也是要中性词，表示家庭也发生了改变，那么显然是D比较合适。 34空前面讲的是一种事实，后面的lack是一种结果，因此，表示因果关系的B是唯一的答案。35就更加简单，前面是less后面当然就是than了。36题稍微动一下脑筋，前面讲的是单亲家庭和太忙无法照顾孩子，是家庭结构的问题，选择B。37 开头的other 就表示这些原因也是可以找到的，A是评价，B是可以确认的，C是可以忽略的，D是不可信的，当然就是B。下面这句话很长，不过只要看见是一个很长的并列句，我们就可以判断：38，39 整个词组的搭配，应该是负评价。38说增加了什么，A、B的增加不会导致犯罪，C是分配，那么还是选D表示更加容易得到毒品了。而39表示虐待儿童，显然，D是不好的，很难想象虐待儿童会成为一种年轻妈妈的时尚！B、C都是精神现象，只有A才可以导致儿童的犯罪。最后，40空后半句存在明显的对前半句的否定，是转折关系，最近似的就是C选项。